Коганицкий Григорий. Koganitsky heavy machine gun

All innovations declared here are the property of the author and cannot be used without his consent.

This is especially topical in relation to the United States and Russia, where patents' theft is organized at the state level.

In Russia, due to the complete loss of the country's creative potential, it is declared even as in the form of a law adopted directly by the president.

Koganitsky heavy machine gun - HMgK

In what the condition is the progress of heavy machine guns of 14-16mm in present day?

The last serial modern large-caliber machine gun was developed and prepared into series production in 1991 and after that was immediately abandoned.

It was - FN BRG -- heavy machine gun project developed by the "National Military Weapons Factory'' in Herstal, Belgium...

... Development began in October 1983 and was discontinued in the early 90's after the cancellation of decision of the production. By that time the development was already full completed.

To date, only one model of large-caliber heavy machine gun (14 mm caliber) is into operation activity in the world - the Vladimirov KPV machine gun that was developed in the 40s.

Due to the high level of vibration and low rate of fair , this machine gun is poorly adapted to auto-aiming and carry out a sniping fire and is completely outdated, both in terms of the kinematic scheme used and of the basic parameters of an internal and external ballistics.

In addition, it has a morally obsolete cartridge.

About this machine gun it is speaking enthusiastically the Kremlin chatterer Rogozin only.

Why this did is happen!?

At that time, had disappeared the circle of tasks that such a heavy and inconvenient and, just as importantly, quite expensive system had to solve on the battlefield.

Light infantry grenade launchers are more effective for destruction to infantry and non-armored vehicles; for destruction manned aviation MANPADS are more effective; for create of protective fire barrage of objects of high significance, self-propelled or stationary (ship) automatic guns are used, etc.

Field fortifications, nobody except the Russian army don't storms under the cover of machine-gun fire - because a soldier, in the Western armies is a very expensive component of military force which is insured in serious insurance companies.

In such cases, as a rule, aviation has been call and it cleans up these fortifications.

The question arises - so why did I raise such a not-so-popular on today topic as "heavy machine guns" and spend time and effort for developing a fundamentally new kinematic scheme of the machine gun and non-standard ammunition for it?

The priorities on the battlefield and the pattern of hostilities have changed.

The main battle tanks have ceased to be the main combat unit and, with difficulty, defend themselves.

Massive offensive operations, under influenced of the trends of the development of modern automatic weapons and the threat of usage of weapons of mass destruction (I do not mean nuclear weapons - because the multiple rocket launcher systems and the air explosive fuel munitions aren't much inferior to it by the effectiveness), are degenerated into partisan operations of special forces units and into action of mobile shock groups.

A new force has appeared on the battlefields, which is gradually seizing the initiative in the formation in used the currently combat operations scheme - usage of various types of drones and of the offline mode patroling projectiles.

Over the past ten years, the number of countries using for military purposes remotely piloted aircraft systems has grown on 58% up to 95.

According to the report "The world market of military drones in 2017-2027" published by the American analytical company Orbis Research, according to the results of 2017, the market for military unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) was estimated at $ 9.9 billion, and by 2027 it should grow up to 15.2 billion dollars.

Moreover, these types of weapons are developing rapidly and, unlike other types of military equipment, they do not become more expensive as they develop, they become more cheaper and turn into mass-produced items as "do-it-yourself kit" or self adaptation kits" because this units are primordially projected as disposable, according to the ideology of their creation as consumables.

As result of this, there was a needing of reliable destruction of these devices before they cause irreparable damage.

Moreover, not the military, but the economic component came to the fore.

Shoot down such a device by means of usage MANPADS, anti-aircraft artillery with remotely detonated shells or by a short-range missile launcher - it is without any problems, but one MANPADS costs more expensive than a dozen such reconnaissance drones. Moreover, even one 50 mm projectile with a remote fuse is commensurate in cost with such a drone, but for a confident defeat at a distance of 2-3 km they need to be used near a dozen.

One medium-range anti-aircraft missile, not to mention about the entire complex, cost much more expensive than one offline mode patroling projectile.

And this not taking into account the fact that he (the entire offline mode patroling projectiles group) can initially be configured to identify and destroy this particular complex.

And so, what are remains!?

Heavy machine guns of caliber 14-16mm with automatic target capture that are maximum adopted for execution of such tasks.

Moreover, this should not be an outdated low-rate of fire jackhammer CPV , but a device: with a rate of fire of 2-3 thousand rounds per minute; without limiting of the length of cartridge belt; which having such low level of vibration, which will allow to use a simplified a self-guiding unit which is directly interlocked with body of the machinegun ; this machinegun must to have a muzzle velocity of about 1400-1600m/s, which will allow aimed fire at an inclined range of up to three kilometers and it must to have relatively cheap and easy to produce ammunition.

The kinematic scheme of the machine gun was based on two old ideas, processed to a modern level - a conical barrel and the use of automation working on the Gast principle

What is the problem of pre-existing prototypes of weapons having a conical barrel!?

Such a weapon either had on the entire length of the conical barrel an expensive rifling with a low resource or the flanges of the ammunition used in it had to be sufficiently rigid and resilient to provide an obturation inside of the long conical smooth-bore part of the barrel (Litlejohn adapter) - as result of that it has big wasting of the energy of the shot.

What are being claimed as the innovations!?

The barrel consists of two main long cylindrical parts - the rifled part of larger diameter (for example - 18 mm) and a smooth-bore part of smaller diameter (as for example - 14 mm) and there is a relatively short conical transition between them (as for example - it has length of 90 mm ... it is highlighted by two vertical blue lines)

In order for the bullet, passing through this narrowing, does not be collapsed and does not wedged or destroy the barrel, outer shell of bullet has variable stiffness - on the threaded part of the barrel, it has stiffness that sufficient to hold the progressive polygonal rifling but, on passing conical part it easily will be rumpled into a smaller diameter.

The bullet acquires the necessary rotation speed on the rifled part of the barrel, then changes own diameter inside the conical transition and without loss of energy of the shot it accelerates up to the maximum speed in the smooth-bore part.

The usage of special methods excludes: loss of obturation; losing of achieved rotational speed and bullet destabilization.

According to my estimates, with a total barrel length of 2239 mm, a bullet having a primary diameter of 18 mm and final diameter of 14 mm, with muzzle energy of 50-65 kJ will have a muzzle velocity of at least 1400-1600 m/s, depending on weight, charge and type of hard core.

How such a bullet transformation is realized!?

The bullet consists of a hard core, which, if it is necessary, has a chamber with a tracer composition and has two independent shells - the outer one is made by soft copper, with a thin-walled structure by which driving band is formed; and of the inner one that is of a moderately hard, but fusible alloy containing dispersed molybdenum or its derivatives.

The inner shell is either molded into the cavity between the solid core and the outer shell in the liquid state, or is being molded on in a plastic state on the solid core from the work piece, by deformation of the outer shell.

At the initial moment of the shot, the outer copper shell deforms the inner shell, forming a polygonal seal and, until the inner shell warms up to a plastic state, it holds the predetermined shape, providing obturation and bullet movement along the rifling.

Passing through the narrowing, the inner shell is additionally heated, goes into a plastic state and is partially squeezed out by the deformable outer shell.

Between the outer shell and the core, a molten layer, approximately a few tenths of a millimeter thick is remains , which acts as a liquid bearing for the core rotating at a high speed and supports the outer shell by own static pressure, providing obturation of gases.

In the ideal case, the outer shell, to the time the bullet exits the barrel brakes its rotation completely, as a result of friction against the smooth-bore part of the barrel and has low precession and low drift of bullet as result of a derivation.

Stabilization on the trajectory is carried out by a core rotating at high speed on a liquid bearing which was formed by melted metal inside the outer shell.

What are the problems of pre-existing weapons working by usage of Gast principle !?

The most important problem is the vulnerability of its complicated kinematics from dust and powder gases. Such automation requires good lubrication, preferably with the supply of fresh oil during operation.

The second problem is that in all machine guns , which I know, that made according to this scheme only its' breech blocks that have one of the standard locking schemes move synchronously and in antiphase.

Designers from Russia was going along this way farther than any another's - they are `'attached legs to a steam locomotive'' - a gas piston for reloading was adapted into mechanism of aircraft canons - ''GSh'' which is working by the Gast scheme .

The third problem is overheating both of the barrel and of a rather capricious reloading mechanism in machine guns that are designed according to the Gast scheme.

What is included into the claimed innovation!?

In the proposed scheme, ALL the moveable details of the machine gun are working in antiphase.

This gives possibility:

Firstly - to completely balance the kinematic scheme and reduce vibrations;

Secondly - in two times to shorten the length of the movement of the shutter and barrel during reloading;

Thirdly - with each shot, the mass of ALL general parts which are movable set in motion, which allows, even for a powerful cartridge, to execute weapons according to the scheme of a free or half-free shutter with a rear hammer catch

In the claimed scheme, the synchronization mechanism and barrels are located into hermetic body with seals and operate into lubricating liquid similar to that used in automotive automatic transmissions.

The fluid provides lubrication and cooling for both kinematics and barrels. At the same time, this fluid is involved in the realization of shutter lag.

For cooling, the fluid is pumped by a hydraulic recoil damper, which works like a pump, through a cooling system, which can be made either as a fin radiator on the firearm frame or as a separate heat exchanger.

The cooling system has a flow-through replaceable filter.

Outside of the crankcase are moving: the breech-ring of the barrels and body of the bolts, on which are located only: the contact surface of the electric igniter of cartridges; an extractor of cartridge and a catch of rear hammer.

1 - barrel_A; 2 - barrel_Б; 3 - breech block_A; 4 - breech block_Б; 5 - tension from barrel_Б to breech block_А; 6 - tension from barrel_А to breech block_Б; 7 - hammer catch; 8 - adjuster; 9 - the return spring of the barrel_A; 10 - return spring of the barrel_B; 11 - the working cylinder of the barrel_B; 12 - cylinder of shutter retarder; 13 - the working cylinder of the barrel_A; 14 - shutter lag spring; 15 - casing / crankcase; 16 - a gear rack of the barrel_A; 17 - a gear rack of the barrel_B; 18 - synchronizing gear; 19 - cylinder of the oil pump; 20 - oil filter

1 - barrel_A; 2 - barrel_B; 8 - adjuster; 21 - check valve of cylinder of barrel_A; 22 - piston of the working cylinder of the barrel_A; 23 - piston of shutter retarder.

The working cylinder of the barrel_B; the piston of the working cylinder of the barrel_B and its check valve are not visible in this sketch

How mechanism of this machinegun works

In the initial state, all parts of barrel's group and the synchronizing gear are in the extreme right position with respect to the cylinder of shutter lag, which plays the role of a recoil damper.

Auxiliary bypass channels, which allow hydraulic fluid to flow freely from one side of the working pistons of the barrel cylinders to the other, are blocked by the recoil damper piston, which plays the role of the shutter lag.

Fluid can only flow freely in directions which permitted by non-return valves or slowly through calibrated gaps in the opposite direction preventing the breech-block from opening prematurely.

In this case, one of the shutters, in relation to its barrel, is in the extremely rear position, and the second is pressed to its chamber and locks it. This breech-block is ready to shot.

The initial acting of the machinegun is carried out by an external force, as an example a pneumatic cylinder (this cylinder is not shown in the diagram).

The cartridge is driven onto the loading line and by the mutual counter-movement both the shutter and the barrel begins to charge into the barrel.

In this case, the second barrel and its bolt are moved by a rack and pinion mechanism in antiphase, mutually moving apart.

If there is a sleeve or defected cartridge in this barrel, they are removed.

The cartridge is initiated by an electric pulse before moment in which the shutter is completely closed. After that complete shutter closure will be performed by means of to the inertia of the system, overcoming the initial pressure of the powder gases.

At the initial moment of the shot, immediate rollback of the shutter is prevented by action of the total inertia of all moving parts - barrels, shutters and a rack's synchronization mechanism, whose weight is about 24-26 kg and by the static resistance of the hydraulic fluid in the working cylinders.

The static resistance of the hydraulic fluid prevents quick opening of the shutter under pressure of propellant gases to the bottom of the cartridge case before moment of the opening of the metering orifices by edge of piston of recoil damper.

After opening the bypass channels, for the movement of the moving parts is counteracted only by their inertia and residual dynamic resistance of the hydraulic fluid in the open channels.

After the shot is completed, the spring returns the damper piston to its initial state and, if the hammer catch gives permission, the cycle repeats.

If it needs to stop the fire, the automation is trapped down by the back hammer catch.

In the variant of automatics that is described here, if the new cartridge isn't completely seated into chamber, to start a new string of shots is required an additional impulse either from auxiliary a pneumatic cylinder or auxiliary spring as this system is a fully balanced.

On a simplified kinematic scheme, the operation of the shutter retarder looks like this -

In initial moment of shot, the entire mechanism is blocked by static pressure of hydraulic liquid on piston of the barrels' cylinders.

Under the influence of the shot's recoil from any barrel, the piston that carry out function both as shutter retarder and as damper briefly moves to the left/back and opens the bypass channels for hydraulic fluid passing, resolving movement of pistons of barrels' cylinders (return springs are not shown in the figure).

The feeding of cartridges is possible either according to the usual scheme from two tapes from boxes or drum magazines, or according to the scheme proposed by the author - by means of usage two vertically moving tapes and using a disk for relocating cartridges from the feed position to the loading position.

The scheme proposed by the author allows to feeding cartridges and unlimitedly increase the tape from the armored space and simplifies shooting at large and fast changing elevation angles.

As an example - it is usage the declared above heavy machine gun in remote controlled defensive modules on howitzer of ultimate parameters.

Коганицкий Григорий : другие произведения.

Koganitsky heavy machine gun - Hmgk

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